Environmental and Health Implications of Improper Disposal of Used Batteries: A Case Study Using Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) as a Bioindicator

Abstract

The improper disposal of used batteries constitutes a significant environmental
and public health hazard, particularly in developing nations where waste
management infrastructures are inadequate. This study investigates the extent of
soil, water, and plant contamination resulting from battery dust exposure,
employing Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) as a bioindicator species. A
controlled greenhouse experiment was conducted, wherein fifteen pots were
subjected to graduated concentrations of battery dust (0g, 10g, 20g, 30g, and 40g),
and corresponding water and soil samples were analysed using Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy (AAS) for the presence of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper
(Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni). Findings revealed a significant, positive correlation
between battery dust concentration and heavy metal accumulation in both
environmental matrices and plant tissues (p < 0.0001). Lead and cadmium levels
exceeded internationally recommended thresholds, posing substantial
carcinogenic risks. Water samples contaminated with 40g battery dust exhibited
Pb concentrations over 700 mg/L, dwarfing the WHO guideline of 0.01 mg/L. Soil
samples similarly demonstrated alarming contamination, with Cu and Pb
concentrations surpassing 1000 mg/kg and 2400 mg/kg, respectively.
Bioaccumulation in Telfairia occidentalis seeds remained within safety limits;
however, the presence of heavy metals indicates latent ecological risks. This study
underscores the urgent need for stringent regulatory enforcement, robust public
sensitisation campaigns, and sustainable recycling systems to mitigate the longterm
environmental and health impacts of battery waste. Our findings contribute
critical empirical evidence supporting policy formulation for safe battery
management and environmental preservation.